人造语言 维基
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斯堪蒂亚语
凜海語  
发音 ˌskandɪˈmoː
创造者 Lukas Axelsen  2019
使用人數 300万 
排名
分類
(目標)
文字 凛海符文字母
官方地位
作为官方语言 凛海王国
管理机构
語言代碼
ISO 639-1
ska
ISO 639-2 ska
ISO 639-3 -

斯堪蒂亚语(凛:凜海語<(ᛋᚴᛆᚿᛞᛁᛘᛟ)>,阿克谢尔森转写:Skandimo),又称凛海语,简称凛语,属于斯堪德尔萨语系凛海语族,是一门基于古斯堪蒂亚语创制、用作凛海星上统一凛海王国通用辅助语的人造语言,其特征是相较于古语更类似于孤立语的语法以及书面语对汉字的再次引入。目前斯堪蒂亚语在凛海王国共有300万使用者,是全境最通用的语言。斯堪蒂亚语尚未成为凛海王国的官方语言,但公共当局完全使用斯堪蒂亚语,且《民事诉讼法》规定斯堪蒂亚语为法院的语言。

历史[]

凛海星语言的起源众说纷纭,现今的主流论点是,早期的数种语言都起源于凛海星上繁衍的最早人类对于来自地球的凛海e播种母舰中知识的理解。数种23世纪地球语言的主要表音和表意文字体系都成为了古凛海人的文字范本,随后被改造成各种变体。斯堪蒂亚语所使用的符文和汉字正来源于此,但汉字词来源于汉语的原有发音均被固有的斯堪地亚语取代,仅仅保留了原意,类比日语中的训读。

斯堪蒂亚语最早起源于凛海星上的初期人类聚落斯堪德尔萨(skandelsa, ᛋᚴᛆᚿᛞᛖᛚᛋᛆ)。斯堪德尔萨的经济和文化一度在原初凛海大陆上极为繁荣,随着海上商贸的扩张侵蚀并淘汰了同时期的数种古语,奠定了斯堪蒂亚语在整个凛海人类中的通用语地位,因此亦称“凛海语”。毁灭古斯堪德尔萨文明的大海啸亦将通行于各地的斯堪蒂亚语湮灭在了历史之中,留下的斯堪蒂亚语各方言之间的差异在文明的重建与复兴期间产生了越来越大的差异,从而在凛海诸岛的各地区形成了极为多样的不同语言。随着航运业的恢复以及各地区人们更为频繁的交往,统一后的凛海王国将古语恢复,以求成为新的通用辅助语。

斯堪蒂亚语漫长的历史分为以下五个阶段:

原始斯堪蒂亚语[]

原始斯堪蒂亚语(urrel-skandimolo, 始祖<(ᚢᚱᚱᛖᛚ)>ᛜᛋᚴᛆᚿᛞᛁ言語<(ᛘᛟᛚᛟ)>)定义为原初凛海大陆上各个古语并行存在且发展的时期的斯堪蒂亚语,其最大特征是文本要么全部使用汉字,要么全部使用符文,不出现两种字符体系混杂的现象。原始斯堪蒂亚语有庞大且复杂的词汇系统,并且其书面语和口语的遣词造句区别甚大。书面语较为冗长、表意精确,而口语则更为简短,例如描述吃这一行为:

  • 口语:(TEVA, ᛏᛖᚹᛆ /theva, thef/)、(HIEDDA, ᚺᛁᛖᛞᛞᛆ /jehda, jehdh/)
  • 书面语:膳用(PIESE-TEVA, ᛈᛁᛖᛋᛖᛜᛏᛖᚹᛆ /pjesetva/)、攝取(MIALA, ᛘᛁᛆᛚᛆ /mjala/)、進食(INDI-OTTOA, ᛁᚿᛞᛁᛜᛟᛏᛏᛟᛆ /injohtwa/)

因为日常生活和使用口语的情景中愈发需要合适、精确的书面语词汇,所以二者的差异逐渐减少,然而直到古斯堪蒂亚语灭亡,口语和书面语的分化仍然存在。尽管原始斯堪蒂亚语时期的文学极为发达,但是其语法并没有人统一整理过,使得对于语法的推测只能基于拟构,相当凌乱。

前期古典斯堪蒂亚语[]

System naturae

翻译为斯堪蒂亚语的《自然系统》(卡尔·林奈)封面

前期古典斯堪蒂亚语(Fri kel-skandimolo)代指最早形成统一规范持续到通行于整个原初凛海大陆的斯堪蒂亚语。此时的标准语言现称古典斯堪蒂亚语(Kel-skandimolo),古称言语(Molo)。前期古典斯堪蒂亚语中符文逐渐变得更加常见,一般承载为汉字注音的作用,不在公文和官方文件中与汉字混杂使用。当时的语言学和修辞学文书包含许多采用符文的记音。

复兴斯堪蒂亚语[]


正写法和发音[]

QQ图片20210220220036

斯堪蒂亚字母写就的SKANDIMO(斯堪蒂亚语)

斯堪蒂亚语采用标准化的帝国凛海符文,是典型的全音素表音文字。

字母 名称 音位 对应
拉丁字母 西里尔字母
fe /f/ f ф
u /u/ /uː/ u у
an /a/ /aː/ a а
rai /r̥/ /r/ r р
kau /kʰ/ k к
ce /t͡s/ c ц
gi /g̊/ g г
von /v/ v в
hal /h/ h х
nau /n/ n н
i /i/ /iː/ i и
je /j/ j и
pe /pʰ/ p п
so /s/ s с
ti /tˢ/ t т
bia /b̥/ b б
e /e/ /eː/ /ə/ e е
man /m/ m м
lo /l/ l л
o /ɔ/ /oː/ o о
de /d̥/ d д
y /y/ /yː/ y ю
ö /ø/ /øː/ ö ө
ä /ɛ/ /ɛː/ ä э

音系[]

语法[]

斯堪蒂亚语在语法上系属为SOV(主语-宾语-谓语)型的黏着语,谓语动词始终位于最后一位,而其他句子成分都有作为语法标记的后缀,因此其顺序可根据主题的重要性随意改变,而不妨碍理解各成分之间的逻辑关系。

词类[]

根据皇家伊莲·默茨语言学院被官方采纳的现代斯堪蒂亚语词汇分类标准,斯堪蒂亚语中分为9类词汇:

  • 实词(事詞, tipvor)
    • 静词(靜詞, telivor)
      • 代名词爲詞, samvor)
      • 名词名詞, naunevor)
      • 数词計詞, helkuvor)
    • 动词(動詞, turevor)
      • 动词動詞, turevor)
    • 修饰语(修飾詞, meddeevor)
      • 形容词附詞, jogevor)
      • 副词補詞, genvor)
      • 冠词前名詞, frinaunevor)
  • 虚词(能詞, begvor)
    • 语法助词助詞, jelmvor)
    • 感叹词嘆詞, mainvor)

代名词[]

斯堪蒂亚语并没有严格意义上语言学定义的代词,该职责由代名词/为词(samvor)承担。代名词在语法上属于名词的一部分,其语法后缀的添加方式与一般名词无异。代名词分为基本代名词和扩展代名词,前者的词根亦用于动词变位的后缀,属于封闭词类;后者则可随着习惯的变化加入新词或淘汰旧词,常常接纳凛海王国各地方言的表达习惯,属于开放词类。

基本代名词
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 , ma , sa , da
复数 , me , nad

扩展代名词的表达方式更加精确,能够体现出语气,在人称代词下区分由熟语、敬语和贬语。在通常情况下使用基本代名词便已足够。熟语通常在关系亲切的熟人和好友间使用。敬语已经不再在口语通用,仅出现在官方通告、文书和文学作品的辞令中。贬语则在一定程度上表达蔑视的语气,但在现代斯堪蒂亚语中常常被用作自谦。

扩展代名词
第零人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第四人称
近指 通指 远指
单数 , maan , ma , ettai , jöi

, pappa

, oopa

, sa , ju , te , sei , da , oin , uun
复数 , me

我等, mevei

自家/, ettai , her

自己, sideen

爾等, savei 汝等, juvei , meego , nad

除了第一、二、三人称之外,斯堪蒂亚语还有第零和第四人称代词。第零人称相当于不定代词,泛指任意人物;当同一句子中出现第二个相同第三人称代词但指代不同人物时,则用到第四人称代词。

第零人称 这里可以停车吗? ᛁᚿ遮泊ᛘᛟᛟᛞᛆᛁᛚᛚᛖᚱ? Maanin ott ruukmooda iller?
直译 这里允许任何人停车吗?
第四人称 [...] 他1看见2 是男ᛁᚿ者男ᚷᛆ乍見ᛞᛆ. Da kariin uun kariga seeda.

名词[]

斯堪蒂亚语的名词没有性和数。共有15个格,格标记则由语法后缀表示。皇家伊莲·默茨语言学院将斯堪蒂亚语的变格后缀描述为粘连出现的语法助词,因为变格后缀不会对词根进行任何变化,这点与大多数分析语不同。当词根以辅音结尾时,在后缀和词根之间插入-e-中缀。

名词变格
格名称 后缀 例子 例句
凛语 汉语
语法格
主格 -in ᛁᚿ, ossin

ᛁᚿ, naatin

ᛏᛁᚿ, veitin

房子

夜晚

移动

属格 -go ᚷᛟ, ossego

ᚷᛟ, naatego

ᚷᛟ, veitego

房子的

夜晚的

移动的

Flekgo solkin bledemoks oi-da.

ᚷᛟᛁᚿᛘᛟᚴᛋᛜᛞᛆ

人民的利益高于一切。

与格 -gi ᚷᛁ, ossegi

ᚷᛁ, naategi

ᚷᛁ, veitegi

房子

夜晚

移动

Piigi steimlaga bogema.

少女ᚷᛁᚷᛆᛘᛆ

我把铅笔还给了这个女孩。

宾格 -ga ᚷᛆ, maga

ᚷᛆ, mega

何人ᚷᛆ, voomatega

我们

Saga illiskyma.

ᚷᛆᛘᛆ

我爱你。

方位格
位格(内部) -eis- ᛖᛁᛋ, osseis

ᛖᛁᛋ, naateis

ᛖᛁᛋ, veiteis

在房子

在夜晚

在移动

位格(外部) -be- ᛒᛖ, ossebe

(ᚷᛟ) ᛒᛖ, (ossego) labe

(ᚷᛟ) 上空ᛒᛖ, (ossego) lakeebe

在房子*

(在房子)上面

(在房子)上方

入格 -bo ᛒᛟ, ossebo

ᛒᛟ, naatebo

到房子

到夜晚

出格 -ke ᚢᚴᛖ, osseke

ᚢᚴᛖ, naateke

从房子

从夜晚

抽象格
具格 -da ᛞᛆ, foseda

ᛞᛆ, indanda

通过腿

通过手

缺格 -kori ᚴᛟᚱᛁ, ossekori

ᚴᛟᚱᛁ, naatekori

ᚴᛟᚱᛁ, veitekori

没有房子

没有夜晚

没有移动

共格 -moks ᛘᛟᚴᛋ, ossemoks

ᛘᛟᚴᛋ, naatemoks

ᛘᛟᚴᛋ, veitemoks

与房子

与夜晚

与移动

样格 -sam ᛋᛆᛘ, ossesam

ᛋᛆᛘ, naatesam

ᛋᛆᛘ, veitesam

作为房子

作为夜晚

作为移动

-ni ᚿᛁ, osseni

ᚿᛁ, naateni

ᚿᛁ, veiteni

变为房子

变为夜晚

变为移动

各人称后缀[]

数词[]

动词[]

动词是斯堪蒂亚语主句的中心,一般处于最后一位。动词由副词修饰,其后连接各种助词(后缀)来实现文法功能。

副词 否定前缀 词干 语态后缀 时态后缀/不定式 人称变位后缀 情态后缀 语气后缀

否定前缀[]

现代斯堪蒂亚语使用的否定前缀为ik-),当动词需要表达否定形式时依附于词根前。

现在时 说话。 ᛘᛆ. Ik-sägema.
完成时 没有说话。 ᛚᛟᛘᛆ. Ik-sägeloma.

语态[]

斯堪蒂亚语动词有3种语态,分别是主动语态被动语态使动语态

主动语态 ᛘᛆ, floodema 我带领
被动语态 ~ᛒᚢᚢ, -buu ᛒᚢᚢᛘᛆ, floodebuuma 带领
使动语态 -jet floodejetma 使~带领

情态[]

斯堪蒂亚语有三种情态,分别是可能必要意愿

一般 客观陈述 ᚷᛆᛘᛆ. Saga keerema. 我喜欢你。
可能 ~ᛋᚴᚢᛟ, -skuo 表达主观态度 ᚷᛆᛋᚴᚢᛟᛘᛆ. Saga keereskuoma. 我觉得我喜欢你。
可能喜欢你。
必要 ~ᛘᛟᛟ, -moo ᚷᛆᛘᛟᛟᛘᛆ. Saga keeremooma. 应当喜欢你。
意愿 ~ᚹᛖᛚᛚ, -vell ᚷᛆᚹᛖᛚᛚᛘᛆ. Saga keerevellma. 想要喜欢你。

人称变位及时态[]

斯堪蒂亚语动词具有人称变位,形式为附于词干之后的后缀,这些后缀完全来自于基本代名词:

人称 基本代名词 人称变位后缀 例子
第一人称单数 , ma ~ᛘᛆ, -ma ᛘᛆ, sägema
第二人称单数 , sa ~ᛋᛆ, -sa 說ᛋᛆ, sägesa
第三人称单数 , da ~ᛞᛆ, -da ᛞᛆ, sägeda
第一人称复数 , me ~ᛘᛖ, -me ᛘᛖ, sägeme
第二人称复数 , sa ~ᛋᛆ, -sa ᛋᛆ, sägesa
第三人称复数 , nad ~ᚿᛆᛞ, -nad ᚿᛆᛞ, sägenad

斯堪蒂亚语共有现在时将来时(~ᛋᛟ, -so)和完成时(~ᛚᛟ, -lo)三种时态。现在时是动词的普适的基本时态,不仅可以表达现在正在进行的动作,也可以表达过去进行的动作(未完成时)及普遍适用的规律。将来时不仅用于描述即将发生的动作,也包含虚拟式语气。完成时仅用于描述截至目前为止已经完成的动作,更类似于一种事物的状态。

现在时 我现在唱歌。 乃唱ᛘᛆ. Nu ömnema.
我昨天在唱歌。 昨日唱ᛘᛆ. Ekte ömnema.
完成时 我现在唱了歌。 乃唱ᛚᛟᛘᛆ. Nu ömneloma.
我昨天把歌唱完了。 昨日歌ᚷᛆᛚᛟᛘᛆ. Ekte lytga ömneloma.
将来时 我明天唱歌。 明日唱ᛋᛟᛘᛆ. Moin ömnesoma.
我现在要唱歌。 乃唱ᛋᛟᛘᛆ. Nu ömnesoma.
主动语态人称变位及时态(seek “见”)
人称 现在时 将来时 完成时
第一人称单数 seekema seekesoma seekeloma
第二人称单数 seekesa seekesosa seekelosa
第三人称单数 seekeda seekesoda seekeloda
第一人称复数 seekeme seekesome seekelome
第二人称复数 seekesa seekesosa seekelosa
第三人称复数 seekenad seekesonad seekelonad
不定式[]

斯堪蒂亚语中动词不定式(~ᛏᛆ, -ta)是一种无须人称的特殊时态,同时将该谓语转换为动名词形式。

他努力学习,是为了将来考一所好大学 斯人ᛁᚿ未來ᛖᛁᛋ良大學ᚷᛆᛏᛆ毅學ᛞᛆ. Sei matin naaneeis stel uuniga baineta moles leirada.

形容詞[]

形容词主要构成后缀为-ne和-lik。

副詞
副词以动词、形容词或名词构成。

语言例[]

Chinese[]

是一个名为露娜(Luna)的少女的故事。“梦魔?这个名字不适合你。不如我为你重新取个名字吧。伴随着月亮而出现,这不就是月之骑士吗?”这是露娜与梦魔第一次见面时,露娜对梦魔说的第一句话。听到这样的话,梦魔愣住了。

Skandimo (traditional)[]

ᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᛘᛟᚴᛋ (Luna) ᛒᚢᚢᛚᛟᛞᛆ少女ᚷᛟᛁᚿᛞᛆ. »夢魔ᚷᛆ? ᛁᚿᛘᛟᚴᛋᛁᚴᛞᛆ. ᚷᛟᛖᛁᛋᚿᛖᛃᛖᛏᚹᛖᛚᛚᛘᛆᛏᛆᛁᚱᛆ. ᛘᛟᚴᛋ出來 ᛚᛟᛋᛆ. 月ᚷᛟ乘者ᛁᚿᛋᛆ? ᛁᚿᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᚢᚷ夢魔ᛁᚿ先會ᚿᛆᛞᛖᛁᛋᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᚷᛟ夢魔ᚷᛁᚿᛖᛚᛟᛞᛆᚷᛆᛞᛆ. 斯般ᚿᛖᚷᛆᛞᛆ, 夢魔ᛁᚿᛒᚢᚢᛞᛆ.

Skandimo (devided)[]

ᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᛘᛟᚴᛋ (Luna) 名ᛒᚢᚢᛚᛟᛞᛆ 少女ᚷᛟ 伺ᛁᚿ 有ᛞᛆ. »夢魔ᚷᛆ? 名ᛁᚿ 汝ᛘᛟᚴᛋ ᛁᚴ適ᛞᛆ. 汝ᚷᛟ 因ᛖᛁᛋ 又ᚿᛖ 名ᛃᛖᛏᚹᛖᛚᛚᛘᛆᛏᛆ 良ᛁᚱᛆ. 月ᛘᛟᚴᛋ 出來 ᛚᛟᛋᛆ. 月ᚷᛟ乘者ᛁᚿ 有ᛋᛆ 又? 斯ᛁᚿ ᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᚢᚷ 夢魔ᛁᚿ 先會ᚿᛆᛞ 時ᛖᛁᛋ ᛚᚢᚢᚿᛆᚷᛟ 夢魔ᚷᛁ 先ᚿᛖ 言ᛚᛟᛞᛆ 句ᚷᛆ 有ᛞᛆ. 斯般ᚿᛖ 句ᚷᛆ 聞ᛞᛆ, 夢魔ᛁᚿ 凍ᛒᚢᚢᛞᛆ.

Skandimo (romanized)[]

Luunamoks (Luna) noomebuuloda juukudemnigo veettorin irada. »Drookudemooga? Noomin jumoks ikpasseda. Jugo kremeis aaliosne noomejetvellmata ketne ira. Meensemoks kekymelosa. Meensego reidunnin irasa aalios?« Seiin Luunaug Drookudemooin peromeedenad deiteis Luunago Drookudemoogi perone sägeloda sedejetaga irada. Seiherne sedejetaga kooseda, Drookudemooin freesebuuda.

语法测试句子[]

1 The sun shines. Soolin skeeda.
2 The sun is shining. Soolin nuune skeeda.
3 The sun shone. Soolin skeeda.
4 The sun will shine. Soolin skeesoda.
5 The sun has been shining. Soolin skeeloda.
6 The sun is shining again. Soolin mooti skeeloda.
7 The sun will shine tomorrow. Soolin merkune skeesoda.
8 The sun shines brightly. Soolin bleigne skeeda.
9 The bright sun shines. Bleigne soolin skeeda.
10 The sun is rising now. Soolin nuune steikeda.
11 All the people shouted. Helne bleegosin hroopenad.
12 Some of the people shouted. Nonkurane bleegosin hroopenad.
13 Many of the people shouted twice. Monokosne bleegosin do kenk hroopenad.
14 Happy people often shout. Luugne bleegosin ditine hroopenad.
15 The kitten jumped up. Kädeloosin upnoikuubeda.
16 The kitten jumped onto the table. Kädeloosin perstogolabe kuubeda.
17 My little kitten walked away. Mago minune kädeloosin vekne keeda.
18 It's raining. Nuune rekeda.
19 The rain came down. Rekin nitergemeda.
20 The kitten is playing in the rain. Kädeloosin nuune rekeis spiileda.
21 The rain has stopped. Rekin stuubeloda.
22 Soon the rain will stop. Rekin snergne stuubesodaskuo.
23 I hope the rain stops soon. Rekin snergne stuubesodavell.
24 Once wild animals lived here.
25 Slowly she looked around.
26 Go away!
27 Let's go!
28 You should go.
29 I will be happy to go.
30 He will arrive soon.
31 The baby's ball has rolled away.
32 The two boys are working together.
33 This mist will probably clear away.
34 Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
35 We should eat more slowly.
36 You have come too soon.
37 You must write more neatly.
38 Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
39 Henry's dog is lost.
40 My cat is black.
41 The little girl's doll is broken.
42 I usually sleep soundly.
43 The children ran after Jack.
44 I can play after school.
45 We went to the village for a visit.
46 We arrived at the river.
47 I have been waiting for you.
48 The campers sat around the fire.
49 A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
50 The child waited at the door for her father.
51 Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
52 Were you born in this village?
53 Can your brother dance well?
54 Did the man leave?
55 Is your sister coming for you?
56 Can you come tomorrow?
57 Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
58 Does the robin sing in the rain?
59 Are you going with us to the concert?
60 Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
61 We sailed down the river for several miles.
62 Everybody knows about hunting.
63 On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
64 Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
65 An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
66 The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
67 The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
68 Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
69 The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
70 The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
71 On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
72 During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
73 When will your guests from the city arrive?
74 Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
75 Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
76 Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
77 The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
78 The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
79 The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
80 The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
81 A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
82 I am very happy.
83 These oranges are juicy.
84 Sea water is salty.
85 The streets are full of people.
86 Sugar tastes sweet.
87 The fire feels hot.
88 The little girl seemed lonely.
89 The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
90 I have lost my blanket.
91 A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
92 At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
93 Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
94 Their voices sound very happy.
95 Is today Monday?
96 Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
97 Will you be ready on time?
98 Will you send this message for me?
99 Are you waiting for me?
100 Is this the first kitten of the litter?
101 Are these shoes too big for you?
102 How wide is the River?
103 Listen.
104 Sit here by me.
105 Keep this secret until tomorrow.
106 Come with us.
107 Bring your friends with you.
108 Be careful.
109 Have some tea.
110 Pip and his dog were great friends.
111 John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
112 You and I will go together.
113 They opened all the doors and windows.
114 He is small, but strong.
115 Is this tree an oak or a maple?
116 Does the sky look blue or gray?
117 Come with your father or mother.
118 I am tired, but very happy.
119 He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
120 Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
121 A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
122 The first part of the story is very interesting.
123 The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
124 The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
125 Stop your game and be quiet.
126 The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
127 Do you like summer or winter better?
128 That boy will have a wonderful trip.
129 They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
130 They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
131 Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
132 I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
133 Aha! I have caught you!
134 This string is too short!
135 Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
136 Alas! that news is sad indeed!
137 Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
138 Are you warm enough now?
139 They heard the warning too late.
140 We are a brave people, and love our country.
141 All the children came except Mary.
142 Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
143 This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
144 On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
145 Our bird's name is Jacko.
146 The river knows the way to the sea.
147 The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
148 They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
149 The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
150 We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
151 We learn something new each day.
152 The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
153 Did you find the distance too great?
154 Hurry, children.
155 Madam, I will obey your command.
156 Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
157 In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
158 Tell the last part of that story again.
159 Be quick or you will be too late.
160 Will you go with us or wait here?
161 She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
162 Think first and then act.
163 I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
164 Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
165 Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
166 We consider them our faithful friends.
167 We will make this place our home.
168 The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
169 The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
170 I hurt myself.
171 She was talking to herself.
172 He proved himself trustworthy.
173 We could see ourselves in the water.
174 Do it yourself.
175 I feel ashamed of myself.
176 Sit here by yourself.
177 The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
178 They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
179 With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
180 All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
181 Light he thought her, like a feather.
182 Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
183 In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
184 The boy who brought the book has gone.
185 These are the flowers that you ordered.
186 I have lost the book that you gave me.
187 The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
188 Come when you are called.
189 I shall stay at home if it rains.
190 When he saw me, he stopped.
191 Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
192 I shall lend you the books that you need.
193 Come early next Monday if you can.
194 If you come early, wait in the hall.
195 I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
196 Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
197 He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
198 Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
199 I have found the ring I lost.
200 Play and I will sing.
201 That is the funniest story I ever heard.
202 She is taller than her brother.
203 They are no wiser than we.
204 Light travels faster than sound.
205 We have more time than they.
206 She has more friends than enemies.
207 He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
208 When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
209 I am sure that we can go.
210 We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
211 "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
212 I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
213 My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
214 Why he has left the city is a mystery.
215 The house stands where three roads meet.
216 He has far more money than brains.
217 Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
218 I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

外部链接[]

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